An electrical discharge machining (EDM) machine is a device that uses the principle of electrical discharge machining to perform non-contact precision machining on high-hardness metals. As one of the core pieces of equipment in the mold manufacturing industry, it can process complex shapes and ultra-hard materials that are difficult to handle with traditional cutting tools.
(1) Basic Structure of an EDM Machine
An EDM machine mainly consists of a machine body, a control system, a working fluid system, an electrode system, and a CNC drive system. The machine body provides stable support for the equipment and requires high rigidity and stability. The control system is used to adjust machining parameters and achieve automated machining; it is the "central brain" of the equipment. The working fluid system provides insulating liquid to maintain the machining gap, cool the machining area, and remove metal particles. The electrode system is the key to the machine's machining process and consists of copper, electrode copper, and pattern electrodes. The CNC drive system is responsible for the precise control of the machining path, ensuring that the machined shape and size meet high precision requirements.
(2) Working Principle of an EDM Machine
An EDM machine uses the principle of pulse discharge for machining. During processing, a tiny gap is maintained between the electrode and the workpiece. The power supply releases a series of high-frequency pulse currents, causing the working fluid in the gap to break down instantaneously, generating a discharge spark. The electrical spark causes localized high temperatures, instantly melting and vaporizing the workpiece material, which is then washed away by the working fluid, forming a processing pit. This repeated discharge process shapes the desired form. The entire process requires no physical contact, therefore no mechanical stress is generated, and it is not limited by the material hardness.
(3) Main Advantages of Electrical Discharge Machining Machines
Electrical discharge machining machines can process extremely difficult-to-cut materials such as quenched steel, cemented carbide, and high-temperature alloys, which is unmatched by traditional cutting processes. Due to the non-contact method, it can process complex structures such as deep cavities, thin walls, and sharp angles while maintaining high precision. The surface quality formed by electrical discharge machining is high, suitable for the mold industry's requirements for smoothness. In addition, the equipment has a high degree of automation, enabling fine and repetitive machining, significantly improving production efficiency.
(4) Precautions for using an EDM machine
When using an EDM machine, it is essential to ensure that the electrode size, shape, and processing parameters are set appropriately; otherwise, processing deformation or insufficient precision may occur. The working fluid must be kept clean to avoid unstable discharge or pitting on the processed surface. Processing gap control is a crucial factor affecting precision and requires precise adjustment through the control system. Good cooling and chip removal are necessary during processing to prevent metal particle accumulation that could lead to short circuits. Regular maintenance of the equipment's guide rails, lead screws, and other moving parts is required to ensure processing stability and service life.
(5) Application areas of EDM machines
Mold manufacturing is the most widespread application industry for EDM machines, including the processing of cavities in plastic molds, die-casting molds, stamping dies, and precision molds. The aerospace industry also commonly uses them to process high-hardness, heat-resistant alloy parts. The precision machinery industry uses EDM equipment to process micro-holes, irregularly shaped holes, and precision parts. Furthermore, EDM machines are also important processing equipment in industries such as medical devices, electronic components, and watch parts.
Nantong New Era Technology Co., LTD specializes in developing, designing and producing numerical control machine and CNC machine tool for more than 20 years. We have a professional team in technology development, manufacturing and sales services.
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